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The Pennines are a range of mountains and hills separating North West England from Yorkshire and North East England. Often described as the "backbone of England",〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/450075/Pennines )〕 the Pennine hills form a more-or-less continuous range stretching northwards from the Peak District in Derbyshire, around the northern and eastern edges of Lancashire and Greater Manchester, through the Yorkshire Dales past the Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Anglo-Scottish border. North of the Aire Gap, the Pennines' western spur into North Lancashire forms the Bowland Fells, and south of the gap is a spur into east Lancashire, comprising the Rossendale Fells and West Pennine Moors. The Pennines are an important water catchment area with numerous reservoirs in the head streams of the river valleys. The region is widely considered to be one of the most scenic areas of the United Kingdom.〔 〕 The North Pennines and Nidderdale are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), as are Bowland and Pendle Hill.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Natural England )〕 Parts of the Pennines are incorporated into the Peak District National Park, the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the Northumberland National Park.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Natural England )〕 Britain's oldest long-distance footpath, the Pennine Way, runs along most of the Pennine chain and is 268 miles (429 km) long. The Cheviot Hills, separated by the Tyne Gap and the Whin Sill, along which run the A69 and Hadrian's Wall, are not part of the Pennines but, perhaps because the Pennine Way crosses them, they are often treated as such. Conversely the southern end of the Pennines is commonly said to be in the High Peak of Derbyshire at Edale, the start of the Pennine Way, although hills continue towards the Stoke-on-Trent area in Staffordshire and into southern parts of Cheshire and Derbyshire. ==Name== Various etymologies have been proposed treating "Pennine" as though it were a native Brittonic name related to ''pen-'' ("head"). In fact, it did not become a common name until the 18th century and almost certainly derives from modern comparisons with the Apennine Mountains, which run down the middle of Italy in a similar fashion. Following an 1853 article by Arthur Hussey, it has become a common belief that the name derives from a passage in ''The Description of Britain'' ((ラテン語:De Situ Britanniæ)), an infamous historical forgery concocted by Charles Bertram in the 1740s and accepted as genuine until the 1840s. In 2004, George Redmonds reassessed this, finding that numerous respected writers passed over the origin of the mountains' name in silence even in works dedicated to the topological etymology of Derbyshire and Lancashire.〔 He found that the derivation from Bertram was widely believed and considered uncomfortable.〔 In fact, he found repeated comparisons going back at least as early as Camden, many of whose placenames and ideas Bertram incorporated into his work. Bertram was responsible (at most) with popularizing the name against other contenders such as Daniel Defoe's "English Andes".〔 His own form of the name was the "Pennine Alps" (''ラテン語:Alpes Peninos''), which today is used for a western section of the continental Alps. Those mountains derive their name from the Latin ''Alpes Pœninæ'', the St Bernard Pass whose name has been variously derived from the Carthaginians,〔Livy, ''History of Rome'', Book V, §35.〕 a local god,〔Livy, ''History of Rome'', Book XXXI, §38.〕 and Celtic ''peninus''. This was also the pass used in the invasions of Italy by the Gallic Boii and Lingones in 390 . The etymology of the Apennines themselves—whose name first referred to their northern extremity and then later spread southward—is also disputed but is usually taken to derive from some form of Celtic ''pen'' or ''ben'' ("mountain, head").〔R. Matasović (2009): ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic''. Leiden-Boston: Brill. (978-90-04-17336-1 )〕 Various towns and geographical features within the Pennines retain Celtic names, including Penrith, the fell Pen-y-ghent, the River Eden, and the area of Cumbria. More commonly, local names result from later Anglo-Saxon and Norse settlements. In Yorkshire and Cumbria, many words of Norse origin, not commonly used in standard English, are part of everyday speech: for example, ''gill'' (narrow steep valley), ''beck'' (brook or stream), ''fell'' (hill), and ''dale'' (valley). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pennines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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